Huntingdon Life Sciences

2007 – 2009Monkey Hell. Animal Defenders International tracks the primate research trade across South America and Asia to HLS in Cambridgeshire. An ADI/NAVS (Nat'l Anti-Vivisection Society) investigator, hired as an animal tech for HLS primate toxicology units, witnesses: Monkeys thrash while cinched in chairs for inhalation of toxins. Some suffer rectal prolapse. Three monkeys die in agony from collapsed or obstructed lungs. In the wild, cynomolgus macaques occupy trees in groups of 50-100 animals. They are smart, sensitive animals. An HLS record describes one monkey who “would cry” when caged “because he wanted to spend a little more time outside, held or groomed by the attending physician.” (Abney, D. et al 2006. Human-animal relationship in the research lab: a discussion by the refinement and enrichment forum. Animal Technology and Welfare. Aug, pp.95-98) Investigator logs reveal bleak, metal cells, devoid of sunlight and enrichment stimuli. Primates self-mutilate to cope. One gnaws off an entire finger. Another shreds her face and must eat via feeding tube. A monkey used in diabetes drug tests is found with a bloody face. The animal's toe tips are gone, prompting HLS techs to believe he'd gnawed them off himself. But the investigator observes straight-slash wounds that suggest the monkey's foot was wedged in sharp cage slats and severed to break free.

HLS lets clients choose from dogs, monkeys, mini-pigs, cats, rodents, guinea pigs, rabbits, goats and even horses. The Beagle Unit can restrain 2,500 dogs; the primate unit, up to 550 monkeys. During the investigator's stint, nearly 217 monkeys are killed for just five studies. “On the day of the necropsies, the monkeys are silent. The normal shrieking, chatter and rattle of cages falls to an eery silence. The magnitude of the monkeys’ awareness of the nightmare they face cannot be clearer.“ (Save the Primates Investigation. ADI/NAVS Primate Testing In Europe. 21 Contemporaneous Notes 06; Investigator, laboratory questionnaire 08.)

2010Bred To Die. The chain of violence begins with breeders that produce animals for labs. At Primate Products Inc. (Miami, FL) an Animal Liberation Investigation Unit films near-dead monkeys with bloody scalps. Their wounds are so deep, tissue is exposed. ALF shares PPI records with Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC-UK), including HLS purchase orders for hundreds of monkeys in China. What happens to animals bred to die? Monkeys in labs are strapped into chair-restraint devices. Their anxiety is intense; many suffer rectal prolapse (the rectum detaches and telescopes out through the anus, inside out). During an HLS probe, three cinched monkeys dosed on an incontinence drug have rectal prolapse. A fourth monkey has recurring prolapses in another experiment.

At HLS animals are poisoned via nasal-gastric tube (oral gavage), forced inhalation, or injection. To tube a small monkey, “the ‘catcher’ pins the animal's arms, the ‘legger’ takes the legs, and another feeds a rubber tube down the throat to the animal's stomach to pump in test substances.” In one HLS oral dosing experiment, monkeys incessantly vomit and hyper-salivate. Some leak black urine on cage floors. A sick and terrified monkey chews off most of a finger. Other poisoned monkeys “tug at chest skin, push fists into their mouths, try to bite through the metal food hopper, push sawdust into cheek pouches, chew metal and drag teeth along cage bars.” During a HLS inhalation experiment, three monkeys with collapsed or obstructed lungs die or are killed. Three more partially collapsed monkeys are resuscitated to finish experiments. When killed, post-mortem exams reveal blackened lungs. (The Experiments. Huntingdon Life Sciences Investigation. 1/22/13)

2012 – 2016Beagle Liberation. Italian animal liberationists seize 40 dogs in a daylight raid of Green Hill, a research breeder in Montichiari Italy that supplies animals to Huntingdon Life Sciences. Owned by U.S. company Marshall BioResources in North Rose, NY, Green Hill customizes dogs with severed vocal chords, to erase their barks and cries inside labs. Mid-summer the same year, 2500 more Green Hill beagles win freedom when an Italian court shutters the facility amid allegations of animal abuse. In a cruelty complaint filed by Lega Anti Vivisezione, three executives are convicted on animal abuse charges. The dogs go to rescue under a mandate that animal rights groups care for them. Still, in 2012 Green Hill does not legally close. Marshall Farms files appeals to overturn the order and reopen. By 2016, evolving animal welare laws in Italy finally force Green Hill — and its sister site Yorkshire Beagles — out of business. (Cruelty Free International. Italian Beagle Breeding Farm Closes. 12/16/16)

Where Is Huntingdon Life Sciences Today? Absorbed into a power nexus so thick, one is hard-pressed to find them. A HLS Map Quest lands upon the old site at 100 Mettlers Rd; Somerset, NJ 08873; 732-873-0063. A website URL for envigo.com detours to Inotiv. The story that ends with Inotiv — a consortium of animal research “products and services” — goes something like this:

1951 › Huntingdon Life Sciences begins in Cambridgeshire, England and matures into the world's leading contract research lab with headquarters in the U.K. and New Jersey, USA.

1961 › Harlan Industries incorporates as a leader in animal models for laboratory research.

1974 to 1989 › Harlan expands, cementing its brand as vivisection kingpin. In 1974 Bioanalytical Systems (BASi) forms in West Lafayette, IN. In 1979 Harlan acquires Biotrol, now called Envigo Bioproducts, and buys Spartan Research Animals in Haslett, MI. In 1980, GIBCO Animal Research Labs is attained. Harlan renames to Harlan Sprague Dawley, Inc. in 1981 and buys M.A. Laboratory Animals (Walkersville, MD). The rest of the 1980s mark more acquisitions: TIMCO Breeding Laboratories (Houston, TX); Engle Laboratory Animals (Farmersburg, IN); Laboratory Supply Company, Inc. (Indianapolis, IN). In 1985 Harlan Bioproducts for Science takes root in Indiana. Then the company goes global with OLAC Limited of Oxfordshire, England. Harlan picks up: Southern Animal Farms (Prattville, AL); The Holtzman Company (a Madison, WI producer of albino rats); Central Institute for Breeding of Laboratory Animals (a Netherlands buyout that adds large animals to Harlan's catalog); Blue Spruce Farms (Altamont, NY); Porcellus Animal Breeding Limited (Heathfield, England, “for a supply of guinea pigs”); Riom Laboratories-CERM (Riom France, to “introduce rabbit production in the UK and a second canine colony in France”); Premier Laboratory Diets (Bartonville, IL); Twin City Testing; Kansas City Southwestern; Empire Soils; Applied Biosciences International.

1990 to 1999 › With Harlan's buyout of HLS still on the horizon, the 1990s bring yet more acquirements: New maximum-barrier lab animal facility (Houston, TX); Dominion labs (Dublin, VA); global ops in Germany, and Italy, plus Israel's Weizmann Institute, where a former lab tech's testimony reveals brain experiments that carve holes into the skulls of monkeys and cats. Harlan gains over “240 stocks and strains including mice, rats, hamsters” with acquisitions from Hannover Institute (Germany) and TNO-REPGO Institute (Rijswijk, the Netherlands). From 1995 to 1999, Harlan gets: Interfauna Group (UK, Germany, Spain); Sera-Lab (UK); Toxic Pathology Services Inc. (Evansville, IN). Harlan Bioservice for Science forms in Walsrode, Germany.

2004 to 2013 › With its takeover of RCC Ltd. (Switzerland) Harlan commands European and Asian vivisection markets for pharma, chemical and agrochemical industries. In 2007, Harlan gets SafePharm Laboratories (Shardlow, UK). By 2008 the giant rebrands itself as Harlan Laboratories Inc. That same year, Huntingdon Life Sciences transitions to private ownership, with an inner loop of shareholders whose stock has no IPO and cannot trade on public exchanges.

2015 › Harlan Laboratories and Huntingdon Life Sciences merge to create the Envigo brand. In an earlier merger, HLS renamed itself Life Sciences Research Inc. On 9/21/15 Envigo Opens Its Doors For Business, under the newly consolidated Huntingdon Life Sciences and Harlan Labs, with subsidiaries GFA, NDA Analytics and LSR associates. Brian Cass, then HLS CEO and one-time target of SHAC-UK/US before government suppression lands animal rights protesters in jail, says: “We are delighted to officially re-brand as Envigo.” Envigo has 3,800 employees with sales at nearly $500M.

2018 to 2021 › In 2018 BASi and Seventh Wave join forces. Envigo secures Horizon (formerly SAGE Labs Inc.) in 2019, and gains genetically engineered models such as the knockout rat, knockin rat, six-month KO mouse and conditional KO rat. BASi/Seventh Wave gets Smithers Avanza Toxicology Services (Gaithersburg, MD), with a GLP lab for toxicology, vaccines, and developmental/reproductive animal research. Then BASi rebrands as Inotiv. From 2019-2021, Inotiv acquires: PreClinical Research Services (Ft. Collins, CO); HistoTox Labs; Bolder BioPATH (Boulder, CO); MilliporeSigma BioReliance® assets; Gateway Pharmacology Laboratories; Plato BioPharma (a Colorado in vivo pharma lab focused in cardiovascular, renal, pulmonary and hepatic animal experiments).

2021 › Inotiv acquires Envigo, and along with it, Huntingdon Life Sciences. Headquartered in West Lafayette, IN, Inotiv is a CRO (Contract Research Organization) that breeds/sells animals to labs and conducts experiments for the pharma, biotech, government and academic sectors. Since formed in 2018, Inotiv has faced ongoing probes related to animal mistreatment. We're fairly certain of two projections: Inotiv shows reckless disregard for animals as it seeks dominance across the bioresearch industry. Huntingdon Life Sciences still torments animals for non-predictive, misleading research that can be replaced with human-focused tools relevant to people.

2023 › Inotiv is interrogated for illegal import of Asian monkeys. U.S. prosecutors charge employees of an Inotiv supplier with criminal “conspiracy and smuggling of endangered long-tailed macaques from Cambodia” into the U.S., as reported in The Wall Street Journal and other media outlets. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission gathers evidence to assess whether Inotiv and its subsidiaries violated the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Long-tailed macaques are an endangered species under international treaty protection. To compensate for its lack of breeding monkeys, the Inotiv supplier reportedly paid Cambodian officials to issue counterfeit permits that classify wild-caught monkeys as captive-bred. Prosecutors in Florida say that co-conspirators illegally purchased macaques via black-market sources from Dec 2017 to Jan 2022, with 2023 litigation still pending in 2024.

2024 › Envigo is barred from breeding or selling dogs. Parent company Inotiv on watch after big payouts. 6/3/24: Inotiv pays over $35 million in penalties for Animal Welfare Act and Clean Water Act infractions, the highest fine ever accrued in an animal welfare case. The deal and guilty plea in U.S. Federal Court for the Western District of Virginia bring resolution to a May 2022 Justice Department probe of Envigo RMS's Cumberland, VA compound. At the time, officers armed with a criminal search warrant raided Envigo — once a top breeder of beagles for research that merged with HLS in 2015 — and seized 4,000 dogs from abuse and squalor. In 2024, Envigo pleads guilty to willfully conspiring to violate the Animal Welfare Act. The DOJ lawsuit asserts heinous violations. USDA inspectors uncover deficient veterinary care, incompetent staffing, and failure to comply with AWA rules for how to handle, shelter, feed, hydrate and hygienize animals. Violations recorded over the multiyear inquest include:

• Dogs with treatable injuries and ailments are instead destroyed.
• Envigo kills dogs without anesthesia, some by a poison-loaded injection directly into the heart. Heart stick euthanasia is so cruel, many want to see it outlawed.
• Envigo neglects to record how or why hundreds of puppies die.
• Mothers nursing their pups are underfed or starved.
• Over 500 puppies and adults housed in a building without air conditioning suffer “discomfort, lethargy or stress” in temps above 85 degrees.
• Food defiled by maggots, mold and feces is fed to dogs.
• Kennels are overfull, with little space to move. Dogs are wounded, their paws trapped in metal-slat floors.
• Envigo declines to fire veterinarian “AV” amid ongoing staff complaints about reckless handling, such as botched surgeries on five dogs (Reuters).

As of this writing, Envigo's formal sentencing is set for 10/7/24. Corporate parent Inotiv consents to pay $3 million to humane groups, such as Humane Society of the U.S. ($1.9 million) that assist on site and help re-home dogs via shelters across nearly 30 states. Another $3.5 million is paid to compensate for canine waste contamination in Cumberland waterways. Inotiv must also invest $7 million to align its subpar facilities with federal animal welfare law. Read more about the case that takes down Envigo and surveils Inotiv.